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Menteri Sosial (Mensos) Tri Rismaharini (Ibu Risma) marah-marah di Gorontalo dalam rapat resmi pemadanan data kesejahteraan sosial, terhadap Pendamping PKH, videonya viral dihampiri semua media elektronik maupun media cetak.

Bahkan malam ini (3/10/2021) sebuah stasiun swasta nasional TVOne, membahasnya secara panel dengan dokter ahli jiwa, politisi PDIP Gorontalo dan Pusat, serta pengamat politik.

Pembahasan sepertinya menjadi persoalan politik, atau dikaitkan dengan kepentingan politik, karena Ibu Risma kader PDIP, dan Gubernur Gorontalo Rusli Habibie adalah kader Golkar. Dokter ahli jiwa pun tidak berani secara spesifik memberikan penilaian, karena tidak atau belum bertemu langsung untuk mendiagnosis Ibu Risma.

Inti persoalan menjadi kabur, karena melebar kemana-mana, membedah karakter personal, dan korelasinya dengan kepentingan politik. Inti persoalannya adalah soal PKH, adanya perbedaan data antara yang di tangan pendamping sebagai koordinator pendamping PKH dengan yang dipegang Staf Ahli Mensos.

Di video kita melihat, dan sesuai dengan penjelasan Husein ui, Ka. Dinas Sosial Provinsi Gorontalo, Ibu Risma marah kepada pendamping yang datanya beda dengan yang dipegang Staf Ahli, dan langsung menuding pendamping itu yang keliru.

Sebenarnya Mensos sedang mempertontonkan persoalan data secara internal yang masih belum sinkron. Verifikasi dan validasi data PKH belum tuntas. Perlu diketahui bahwa pendamping PKH itu adalah tenaga honorer yang diseleksi dan diangkat oleh Kementerian Sosial. Secara hirarki bertanggung jawab pada Kementerian melalui OPD Dinas Sosial provinsi dan Kabupaten/Kota.

Gubernur Gorontalo pun mungkin tidak memahami persis bahwa Pendamping PKH itu bukan pegawai atau tenaga honorer yang diangkat Gubernur. Karena Pemda Provinsi juga ada memberikan bantuan fasilitas untuk kelancaran operasional para pendamping.

Sebaiknya memang sebelum dilakukan rapat dalam forum yang luas dan melibatkan banyak sektor itu, didahului rapat teknis tim verifikasi dan validasi data PKH antara Direktur Jaminan Sosial Ditjen Linjamsos Kemensos yang lingkup tugasnya program PKH, dengan para pendamping PKH dilapangan dan pejabat Dinsos setempat. Disitulah adu data dan fakta. Sehingga dalam rapat forum lintas sektor yang dipimpin Mensos, datanya sudah clear dan clean.

Janganlah pejabat Kemensos yang bertanggungjawab terhadap program PKH, melepas Ibu Mensos ke gelanggang yang “berlumpur” sehingga Ibu Risma dan Pendamping PKH menjadi berlumuran “lumpur” dan ditonton seluruh masyarakat Indonesia karena viral dengan cepatnya. Dalam pengalaman saya di birokrasi sampai level eselon 1, inilah yang disebut dengan “pembiaran”.

“Pembiaran” itu terjadi bukan begitu saja. Bisa jadi takut dimarahi jika mengingatkan pimpinan karena tahu karakter pemimpinnya suka marah-marah. Kemungkinan lain sang pimpinan tidak mau mendengar pendapat bawahannya yang sudah menyajikan data yang lengkap. Atau mungkin sudah tidak peduli lagi karena sudah santer mau diganti. Intinya antara lain pola komunikasi.

George Edward III, mengembangkan Model Implementasi Kebijakan Publik, dimana ada 4 faktor atau variabel yang mempengaruhi suatu kebijakan publik, yakni komunikasi, sumber-sumber, kecenderungan atau tingkah laku, dan struktur birokrasi. Keempat faktor itu saling berkorelasi dan saling berpengaruh dalam implementasi suatu kebijakan publik. Jika “pembiaran” terjadi dalam proses komunikasi, menjadi perilaku, dan menjalar dalam struktur birokrasi, dampaknya yaitu ditunjukkan dalam kasus marah-marahnya Mensos di forum rapat resmi di Gorontalo.

Akar Persoalan PKH

PKH didesain awalnya (2007) adalah untuk memutus mata rantai kemiskinan. “Orang tuanya boleh miskin, tetapi anak saya tidak boleh miskin”. Itu motto awal yang menjadi inspirasi yang dibawa oleh Prof. Tarcicio, asal Kolombia yang menjadi konsultan PKH (Conditional Cash Transfer) yang ditunjuk Word Bank membantu Indonesia, pada berbagai kesempatan kami berdiskusi pada tahun 2006, sekitar 15 tahun yang lalu, sewaktu saya menjabat Dirjen Bantuan dan Jaminan Sosial Depsos ( 2005-2007).

Oleh karena itu, menjadi syarat mutlak yang menjadi target peserta (KPM) adalah keluarga sangat miskin, dengan kriteria khusus istri dalam keluarga itu sedang hamil dan atau punya anak balita, dan atau punya anak usia sekolah tetapi tidak masuk dalam sistem sekolah.

Ada dua program yang harus dikawal dan dapat diakses melalui PKH, yaitu program pelayanan kesehatan bagi ibu hamil, dan balita, dan mendapatkan pendidikan bagi anak usia sekolah sehingga bisa masuk sistem sekolah.

Gorontalo adalah provinsi pertama tahun 2007 diluncurkannya PKH, oleh Mensos Bachtiar Chamsyah, bersama Gubernur Fadel Muhammad. Siapa yang menjadi KPM, di-tracing oleh pendamping PKH yang sudah terlatih, karena proses pelatihan yang ketat, profesional dan mendapatkan salary yang relatif besar dibandingkan pendamping program lainnya. Mereka tenaga muda, berpendidikan, dan memahami wilayah kerjanya, karena disyaratkan berasal dari kecamatan program PKH itu berada.

Peranan Koordinator Pendamping PKH Tingkat Kabupaten. Propinsi dan Pusat berjalan efektif, dan datanya real time karena melalui sistem aplikasi yang sudah teruji, dan ada operator monitoring and evaluation (monev) setiap Kabupaten lokasi PKH, dengan diberikan seperangkat Komputer dengan aplikasi sistem yang khusus dibuat untuk PKH.

Tujuannya agar dapat terpantau apakah KPM itu setiap minggu/bulan pergi ke Puskesmas untuk memeriksa kehamilan (jika ibu hamil), atau jika punya Balita datang ke Posyandu/BKB dan melakukan imunisasi, dan jika yang masuk sistem sekolah pergi sekolah minimal 80% kehadirannya. Tugas pendampinglah melakukan advokasi dan pembinaan terhadap KPM yang melaksakan SOP yang ditetapkan, pada saat diberikan dana PKH kepada mereka.

Program PKH itu sesuai dengan desain awalnya harus ada target waktu. Dalam Pedoman yang dikeluarkan oleh Bappenas tahun 2007, jangka waktu program itu 6 tahun, diperhitungkan dalam 6 tahun, sudah ada KPM yang dapat lepas dari rantai kemiskinan, karena anaknya sehat-sehat, berpendidikan, ibunya sehat, sehingga bisa membantu suami bekerja.

Setelah lepas dari skema PKH, maka tentu Pemda dapat menindak lanjutinya dengan skema pemberdayaan masyarakat melalui KUBE misalnya, Bantuan Usaha Mikro, KUR, dan berbagai program sektor lainnya.

Exit strategy PKH setiap 6 tahun, sampai sekarang seharusnya sudah 2 kali putaran. Ternyata tidak banyak yang dilepaskan dari rantai kemiskinan tersebut. bahkan KPM-nya terus membengkak yang semula hanya 387 ribu KPM, dalam 13 tahun melonjak menjadi 10 juta KPM, dengan dana Rp 36,9 Triliun.

Artinya PKH ini tidak lagi bersyarat hanya punya balita, hamil, dan anak yang masuk sistem sekolah, tetapi melebar semua orang sangat miskin, miskin dan hampir miskin. 10 juta KPM itu berarti sekitar 40 juta jiwa, sedangkan BPS menyebutkan angka kemiskinan kita sekitar 10% atau 27 juta jiwa. Artinya exit program tidak jalan, dan Pemda terus melakukan lobi-lobi ke Kemensos agar masyarakatnya mendapat PKH terus-menerus.

Saat ini online system/real time, saya dapat informasi tidak lagi berjalan. Laporan dilakukan secara offline, artinya tidak real time. Implikasinya antara lain tidak sinkron data KPM, yang berakibat Mensos marah-marah kepada Pendamping PKH yang notabene anak buahnya sendiri di depan banyak orang peserta rapat.

Disisi lain ketersinggungan Gubernur Gorontalo Rusli Habibie yang dulunya Bupati Gorontalo Utara, alumni STKS (Sekolah Tinggi Kesejahteraan Sosial Bandung), yang sangat dekat dan mengenal pejabat di Kemensos, bukan saja menyesalkan sikap Bu Risma yang marah-marah di wilayahnya, tetapi harus menunjukkan harga diri dengan menyatakan “Program PKH yang sudah 13 tahun diberikan Kemensos kepada kami, sudah saatnya kami men-take over PKH dengan sumber APBD yang kami miliki”.

Bu Risma pasti senang karena mengurangi beban dan tanggungjawabnya. Dan Provinsi Gorontalo menjadi model yang sudah menerapkan exit strategy, sebagai exit program wujud kemandirian Pemerintah Provinsi Gorontalo. Saya yakin jumlah KPM yang sangat miskin istrinya sedang hamil, punya balita dan anak usia sekolah, tidak terlalu banyak lagi, untuk mendapatkan PKH bersumber APBD. Momentum itu dapat menjadi semangat untuk memicu harga diri masyarakat Gorontalo membantu warganya keluar dari mata rantai kemiskinan.

Sebagai penutup perlu juga kita ketahui bagaimana sebenarnya bunyi Undang-Undang Nomor 13 Tahun 2011, Tentang Penanganan Fakir Miskin, khususnya pada pasal 8 ayat (7), (8) dan (9), dimana pada ayat (7) Verifikasi dan validasi sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (4) dilaksanakan oleh potensi dan sumber kesejahteraan sosial yang ada di kecamatan, kelurahan atau desa. Pada ayat (8) Hasil verifikasi dan validasi sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (7) dilaporkan kepada Bupati/Walikota. Dan ayat. (9) Bupati/Walikota menyampaikan hasil verifikasi dan validasi sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (8) kepada Gubernur untuk diteruskan kepada Menteri.

Peran Mensos sesuai Pasal 8 ayat (1) Menteri menetapkan kriteria fakir miskin sebagai dasar untuk melaksanakan penanganan fakir miskin.

Jadi UU 13/2011, cukup jelas memberikan pembagian tugas pendataan Fakir Miskin, Mensos menetapkan kriterianya, Bupati/Walikota memverifikasi dan validasi data yang dilaksanakan oleh potensi dan sumber kesejahteraan sosial yang ada di kecamatan, kelurahan atau desa. Lantas disampaikan kepada Gubernur hasil verifikasi dan validasi itu, untuk diteruskan kepada Menteri, dan Menteri Sosial menetapkannya dengan menerbitkan Keputusan Menteri. Jadi jelas rantai birokrasinya, tidak ada jalan sebetulnya untuk marah-marah atas pekerjaan yang dilakukan sendiri.

Cibubur, 3 Oktober 2021

Dr. Apt. CHAZALI H. SITUMORANG, M.Sc.,

Pemerhati Kebijakan Publik dan Dosen FISIP UNAS

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